Street Rats and Rock Doves

When I returned to the city this past August after some months of wandering, it was with the discovery that I could no longer afford to rent a place in my old neighborhood in Brooklyn. It was a scary, impossible prospect for me to begin to look elsewhere, because Clinton Hill had been my home since I stumbled into this city three years prior. (It had been a Saturday morning in June. I had been equipped with a giant red suitcase, a dizzying lack of orientation, and an appointment to see room for sublet.) Eventually my devotion gave way to desperation, of course, and my options led east, and I followed.

Let me say first that there are many things I love about my new neighborhood: the laundromat, two doors down, whose primary laundress is a perpetual fountain of good news and good will, and whose proprietor HELPED ME MOVE MY LAUNDRY FROM THE DRYER INTO THE LAUNDRY BAG the other day. Down the block, there is a coffee shop devoid of pretension. On the corner, we have a new Duane Reade. Soon, we will have a bar. The trade-off for these, and the thing I have heretofore been avoiding, is the definitively urban feel of my new block. Myrtle Avenue is a major thoroughfare, especially for buses and ambulances, which translates to a healthy stream of strident, metallic noise. Instead of a stoop, I have a liquor store downstairs; instead of a row of brownstones across the way, I look out on an auto shop and a mural, battered and graffitied, involving the Brooklyn skyline, the American flag, and the words, “New York Will Overcome.” Two giant water towers dominate the sky above, to the north(ish), behind which the Empire State Building stands small and faded in the distance.

For reasons I cannot fully explain, I almost always enter and leave my new neighborhood by way of the adjacent old neighborhood, which gives me sometimes the feeling of a miner digging her way gradually deeper into a cave (and so I am, admittedly, ensconced). One evening, on my walk west up the gum-spotted sidewalk by an empty lot, I was struck by the way the people on the pavement ahead of me were standing. There are always people standing on the sidewalk, waiting for the bus or eating an orange or making up their minds, but these figures in front of me now were rooted into their places as if set down and arranged there, or as if they had grown this way, erect, arms loose and forgotten at their sides, faces lifted toward the sky. I slowed and stopped and turned to follow their gaze, which was directed past the streams of plastic trash caught in the chickenwire at the top of a high fence, to the sky beyond, where hundreds of pigeons were in flight above a rooftop coop. The birds were in motion together, making a wide, tilted loop. It was a breathtaking display of synchronization—hundreds of white underwings caught the sunlight blindingly and simultaneously, hundreds of bodies shrunk and expanded with the changing distance. I felt my arms drop to my sides and my feet sink dumbly into the ground.

Yesterday my curiosity finally outweighed my fear of censure, and I went in to the pet store at the base of the building to ask about the birds. Alice, who owns the pet store together with her husband, was at first defensive. “They’re yours?” I asked. “Yeah”-- and then, after studying her son’s homework, rebuking him, and signing it with reluctance-- “is there a problem with my pigeons?” I assured her I was just curious and thought the birds were beautiful, and her tone softened.

The pigeons belong to Alice’s husband, who’s been keeping birds since he was a boy in Puerto Rico, and who started this coop, or loft, twelve years ago. “We used to have more, probably about a thousand, but they’re just too expensive to keep,” Alice told me. She estimates that now there are three hundred pigeons on the rooftop loft, and that they eat about one hundred pounds of food per week. Alice’s older son, a teenage boy with a kind face and one completely bloodshot eye, punched some numbers into the calculator on the counter. “That’s three hundred dollars a week for the grain we feed them,” he said.

While keeping pigeons is a hobby for her husband (and thus, by sometimes exasperating default, for Alice), she told me that a lot of people from the neighborhood buy them for other purposes. The Hasids take them home and eat them because they are kosher, and others use their blood for remedies, including wart-removal. “People will come in here, sick and pale and unhealthy, and buy one of our birds, and the next day I see them walking around on the street, color in their cheeks, healed,” Alice said. Perhaps I betrayed some form of disgust or surprise at the notion of pigeon-eating, because Alice was quick to assure me that the birds on the roof are nothing like the pigeons I see on the streets. “Those are street rats,” said Alice, scrunching up her nose and dismissing the city’s pigeons with a wave of her hand, “those are dirty, disgusting rats with wings. They eat trash and live in filth. Our pigeons are a whole different breed. Our pigeons eat grain.”

Indeed, Alice’s pigeons look different from the ones I see all over the city, perusing the gutters or—just the other day—almost (seriously) flying into my head at the Shake Shack in Madison Square Park. And Alice’s pigeons probably are different: specialized breeds of the Rock Dove (also called the Rock Pigeon and City Pigeon) abound, and beyond that there are some 300 species in the pigeon/dove family. Domestic Rock Doves have been bred for carrying messages during wartime and spotting drowning victims from helicopters. The Homing Pigeon has been selectively bred for its ability to find its way home from distances of up to 1600 miles. Pigeon racers, of whom there are many in NYC and around the world, breed, raise, and train Homing Pigeons to compete in long-distance homing missions. Most scientists suspect that these birds use a combination of the sun’s position and a sense of the Earth’s magnetic field to navigate in the absence of landmarks, but some contention remains.

While the pigeon-racers and loft-keepers of New York breed their selective varieties, the feral ‘flying rats’ of the streets provide a charming, soft-focus lens through which to examine the human condition. Numerous groups exist here in NYC with the sole mission of providing support to these underdogs. The NYC Pigeon Club website declares, “If you love the under-appreciated things in life, this is the place to be.” Upon reading this, I cannot decide whether “this is the place to be” refers to the website or the city itself—both seem plausible. NYC Pigeon Rescue Central, another independent support group, keeps on its website a list of “needy birds” according to neighborhood, and offers advice and help to anyone in possession or contact with an injured or otherwise downtrodden bird.

The majority of the city’s residents take a less heartfelt approach toward the pigeon population. Most en vogue among people my age appears to be a bored sort of apathy (surprise!) when it comes to the birth, life, and death of the Rock Dove. Some, however, have taken up an anti-pigeon stance with vigor and vehemence. Last year, one Brooklyn councilman commissioned a report on “Curbing the Pigeon Conundrum” after stepping in what he referred to as a “puddle” of guano. The report led to talk of creating an official “pigeon czar” to oversee reduction efforts, which would include a strict ban on feeding pigeons, as well as birth control efforts involving contraception disguised as bird feed. As the councilman feared, pigeon defense groups sprung into action to defend the birds’ rights, and it seems that no consequential action was taken. Current law in NYC bans the feeding of all public park animals “except unconfined squirrels and birds”, and provides the commissioner with the right to “designate certain areas where all feeding of animals is prohibited.” (I wonder if there have been any cases of ornery policemen using strict interpretation of this language to slap heavy fines on dog owners with Milk-Bones).

As always in this city, there exists also a picaresque in the story of the pigeon and its protagonists, antagonists, and skeptics: in this case, our rogue comes in the form of the SUV-driving, net-toting pigeon-napper. Pigeon poaching has been reported in neighborhoods all over the city and met with varying degrees of alarm. Most often, the story goes like this: a man wearing all black lays down a net and spreads some seed on the ground. Pigeons flock to the spot and begin to eat, and suddenly the man pulls up the net and escapes with fifteen or twenty birds, invisible but surely ill-fated behind the tinted windows of the getaway vehicle. It is believed that most of these birds end up over state lines at “pigeon shoots,” which sound to me like parties for people who like guns but can’t aim. Of course, there exists other, more sinister speculation about the motivation and pervasiveness of bird-napping.

Our other characters—the protagonists, the antagonists, the skeptics—have responded to pigeon poaching in a variety of ways. While stealing pigeons, who belong to the state, is technically a crime, NYC law enforcement is not always hyper-motivated to stop it. In August, after a notably strange bird-napping in Chinatown, a spokesman for the police department was asked if “grabbing a pigeon, stuffing it in a box and running was a crime.” His response? “No, not really.”

On the other hand, New York State Senator Liz Krueger sent a letter last month to the Pennsylvania State Legislature asking them to ban the practice of pigeon shoots, in an effort to reduce pigeon poaching in NYC. And there are always the renegade good-guys, such as Bird Operations Busted, who describe themselves as “the hard-core part of the pigeon movement,” and whose goal it is to “unveil the mafia of netters.”

As for me (and I don’t think it’s just my deepening obsession with urban fauna speaking here), I’m a casual supporter of the city pigeon. As long as they aren’t flying at my head, I’m usually pretty happy to see them around, especially if I’m lucky enough to catch them at their totally adorable mating ritual (adorable, at least, up until the act itself). It’s fun to engage every now and then in a little light, soft-focus anthropromorphizing. And I’m happy, too, that Alice’s pigeons are here, punching out the dimensions of our sky into wildly striking patterns, stopping us dead in our tracks, causing us to look up.

The Oldest Stuff on Earth

The Cosmic Pathway (coolest name for an exhibit ever) at the American Museum of Natural History spirals down through thirteen billion years of universal happenings and drops its visitors off at the entrance to the Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth. The Hall of Planet Earth appeals enormously to my inner geology geek, with displays ranging from chunks of black smokers (hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor where sulfide deposits build up and where life, it is theorized, may have begun on Earth) to lava samples from around the world to parts of an ice core from Greenland that’s been crucial to our understanding of climate change. Thrilled as I am to get to see these things, I am always a little disappointed by the specimen that I think should be the coolest part of the hall: a zircon crystal, found in Australia in the 1990’s, that is one of the oldest known pieces of Earth, at 4.3 billion years.

Zircon is an impossibly resilient mineral that scientists love because it contains uranium, which is unstable and breaks down to lead over a known time period—thus, we can use radiometric dating to find out how old the zircon crystal is. In fact, the radioactive material inside zircon crystals sometimes destroys the mineral itself over millions of years by emitting radiation, so that the mineral's structure is destroyed and the crystal is discolored (picture: right). If you catch sight of one of these so-called ‘metamicts’ in the field, it looks just like a tiny radioactive bomb went off—a brownish dot surrounded by little fractures in the surrounding rock.

In the Hall of Planet Earth, however, the zircon crystal just looks like a little lump of rock, which for some reason disappoints me. I suppose it seems that a remnant of Earliest Earth should be more obviously imbued with some quality of specialness—some sort of iridescent, diamond-in-the-rough sparkle (perhaps the Hall of Planet Earth, while appealing to my inner geology geek, fails to appeal to my inner Lord of the Rings geek).

At any rate, the zircon is special because it is one of the oldest materials on Earth, having formed just a couple hundred million years after the planet itself (Earth’s estimated age is about 4.6 billion years). While the 4.3 billion year-old zircon was certainly a fun find for science, the mineral had out-survived the rest of the rock with which it formed—in other words, while the other minerals in the rock melted and/or deformed and became new rock again, the zircon mineral remained solid, eventually re-incorporating as part of a newer, younger rock.

What scientists have been searching for, then, is rock that is as old as the zircon crystals inside—rock that formed just as the Earth was settling out into layers and cooling to a temperature that allows rock to solidify (the geologic word for this earliest eon of Earth is the Hadean: Earth then was a fiery, violent mess replete with extraterrestrial bombardments and volcanic activity). Because Earth’s crust is so often created and destroyed in the generative and destructive processes of tectonics and erosion, really old rock is tough to find-- the oldest rock in New York City is about 1.3 billion years, and a good deal of the land below us is much younger.

Scientists working in northern Quebec on the Hudson Bay believe they may have found some of this very old rock—a little exposure of Earth’s proto-crust. The dated material in this rock (it’s an area composed mostly of a rock named faux-amphibole, whose chief mineral component is Cummingtonite….I remember the day in mineralogy class when a fairly humorless professor lectured on this very mineral-- suffice it to say that we geology students, ever fond of questionable-sounding jargon, had a tough time keeping our faces straight) is about 4.28 billion years old. If the rock itself is as old as some of the minerals inside, scientists have an opportunity to take a close look at some of the first crust that ever formed on Earth. In doing so, they can begin to answer questions about how crust formed back then and to compare Earth’s early geologic processes with the processes occurring today.

If the rock does turn out to be proto-crust from 4.28 billion years ago, I hope the Hall of Planet Earth gets a chunk of it-- even if it’s not much to look at.